Invention
Marketing Firms A Warning
What is an invention marketing firm?
An invention marketing firm is a business
that offers services to review the inventions of independent
inventors and market the inventions to manufacturers.
Firms of this type usually advertise on television,
on the radio, in newspapers and magazines, on the Internet,
in the mail, or on flyers.
Why should an independent inventor be
concerned about working with an invention marketing firm?
There are honest, legitimate invention
marketing firms that may prove to be very helpful to an
independent inventor. However, some of these firms are not legitimate
or have questionable business practices, not being up front
with their clients.
Many firms will try to entice a new inventor
with a small fee (or no fee) for initial services, but will
charge up to tens of thousands of dollars for later services,
once the inventor is hooked. The manner in which fees are requested may
clue an inventor in on whether a firm is legitimate or otherwise
unethical. For example,
sometimes a firm will talk an inventor into paying a higher
up-front fee in order to pay less royalties later.
When the invention ends up not taking off, the firm
ends up ahead.
Questionable firms will prey upon the enthusiasm
of an independent inventor as well as his greed, and will
take advantage of an independent inventor if not careful.
Salesmen for a questionable firm will show enthusiasm
in the market potential and urgency in starting the process
without even knowing anything about the idea.
The inventor may then become vulnerable to possible
false or misleading claims about the invention’s market
potential.
Some invention marketing firms offer varying
levels of protection for inventions, and may not explain
the differences. Some do not really offer any invention protection
at all.
Questionable firms tend to follow similar
patterns. For example:
- A
firm may charge a small fee to “evaluate” the invention
typically $300-800.
This evaluation may include a patent search, which
may not be accompanied by a legal opinion.
- A
firm may present a glossy report letting you know how
valuable your invention is to the market.
Some of these reports are just boilerplate with
only the inventor and invention changed.
- A
firm may request a larger fee (typically $6,000 to $18,000)
to:
- File
a patent application
- Some
may file only a design patent application, which does
not prevent the utility of the invention, or may file
a very narrow utility patent which does not offer
much protection at all.
- Display
the invention at trade shows
- Some
may just show it at a trade show for invention marketing
firms as opposed to manufacturers.
- Add
the invention to a database
- Some
may just keep it in their own database.
- Include
the invention in a brochure or flyer
- Some
may send a brochure of unrelated inventions to unrelated
manufacturers. If
these publications are out for more than a year before
the patent application is filed, the patent may be
barred.
- Tell
inventors of offers and help with license negotiations
- There
are usually very few, if any, offers.
Relevant Legislation
The American Inventors Protection Act of
1999 (coded in 35 U.S.C. § 297) took effect on January 29,
2000. It imposes
a duty on invention marketing firms to disclose information
to prospective clients before they sign contracts. According to the Act, an invention marketing firm must disclose:
- Number
of inventions evaluated in past 5 years
- Number
of these which received positive and negative evaluations
- Number
of clients who contracted with them in last 5 years
- Number
of these clients who received a net financial profit as
a direct result of the promoter’s services
- Number
of clients who have received license agreements for their
inventions as a direct result of the promoter’s services
- Names
and addresses of all previous invention marketing firms
with which the promoter or its officers have been affiliated
for the last 10 years
The Act also says that a client who has
contracted with an invention marketing firm and has been
injured by omission of these facts, or a material fact,
or a material or misleading statement by the firm will have
a civil cause of action for actual or statutory damages
of up to $5,000, plus costs and attorneys fees.
In addition, if the court finds the firm’s actions
as willful, the damages may be trebled.
USPTO and FTC Involvement
The US Patent and Trademark Office (PTO)
and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) pulled together in
1997 in a joint effort to combat fraudulent and questionable
invention marketing firms who are misusing the patent system
and defrauding inventors.
The “Project Mousetrap” campaign’s goals are to enforce
laws against fraud, and to protect and educate inventors
and consumers. Some state governments are involved as well.
Prior to “Project Mousetrap,” only a few
individual cases were brought to address the issue, but
the FTC believed that a larger “sweep” and more consumer
education was needed to curb what seemed to be a persistent
problem. Since the
start of the “Project Mousetrap” campaign, many cases against
fraudulent invention marketing firms have been brought,
and many of these settled, paying millions of dollars back
to defrauded inventors.
What can an independent inventor do to protect oneself
and his/her invention?
The inventor should make sure he/she knows
what is wanted from the business relationship.
For example, the inventor should understand that
patenting an invention is distinctly different from
marketing an invention. If patent protection is desired, make sure
a registered patent attorney or agent is involved. Only a registered patent attorney or agent can file an invention
with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO). The PTO can provide a list of registered patent attorneys/agents.
A patent attorney will meet with an inventor to let
the inventor know if there is even an invention.
If the patent attorney thinks so, an inventor may
want to spend the money on a patent search to make sure.
Then, the inventor must decide if willing and able
to spend the money necessary to obtain a patent.
If the inventor does choose to do business
with an invention marketing firm, the inventor should ask
the right questions and be critical of the responses in
order to distinguish between a fraudulent or questionable
invention marketing firm and a legitimate one.
For example:
- Ask
what names the firm has done business under, how long
it has been in business under the current name, and if
it or an affiliate was a party to any Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) punitive actions.
- Ask
for proof if a firm claims to have a special relationship
with certain manufacturers who may be interested in the
invention.
- Ask
about its invention assessment criteria, its system of
review, and the qualification of its invention evaluators.
- Before
paying a fee for a market analysis for the invention,
ask what specific information will be presented in the
report. A questionable firm will offer a vague report, but a reputable
one will be more specific.
Also try to verify some of the information in the
report, once it is received.
Questionable firms may use boilerplate reports
and just change the inventor’s name and invention.
- Ask
what the total cost will be.
- Ask
what the fee schedule will look like.
Questionable firms will ask for upfront fees, while
reputable firms will normally rely on the royalties of
successful inventions.
- Insist
that the firm do a patent search for valid patents upon
which your invention may infringe, and make sure a patent
professional is involved.
- Ask
for the firm’s success and rejection rates in writing. With reputable firms, rejection rates
should be fairly high, and success rates should be very
low. If words like “more than” or “less than”
are used, do not be misled.
Some firms are now required by state or local laws
to disclose this information.
Beware that some firms may try to get your business
in a state that does not provide this protection.
Also note that if the firm rejects your idea and
turns it over to another who may actually be affiliated
with them, this may be their way of being able to say
that they reject more ideas than they really do.
- Ask
for names and addresses of at least three inventors the
firm represented in the inventor’s state to use as references.
- Ask
for brand name successes.
If they say they cannot tell you the inventor’s
name due to confidentiality, they can surely tell you
about the product, and you can attempt to find out on
your own who the inventor was.
A list of these and further questions can
be found at: http://www.exxnet.com/resources/scam.htm. The following are some further suggestions:
- Do
not be impressed by fancy promotional brochures.
- Pay
attention to fine print and disclaimers.
- Be
suspicious if:
- The
salesperson can never be reached directly, or if he
or she is not willing to provide a direct phone number.
- The
company claims to be in one state but mail comes from
another.
- The
company asks the inventor to describe the invention
in writing and mail it to himself.
This is not invention protection.
- Be
skeptical of high-pressure sales tactics.
- Check
with the Better Business Bureau, Attorney General, and
local consumer protection agency (in the inventor’s state
and the state where the firm is located) to investigate
the firm further. Ask
if the firm is licensed to operate in the inventor’s state.
Note that since these firms change names often,
there may not be any information found at these locations.
- Obtain
legal counsel if the firm wants the inventor to sign a
contract in another state.
- Consider
bringing along an objection listener to meetings with
the firm.
- Be
skeptical of, and make sure the inventor understands,
any money-back guarantees.
Many of these guarantees are easy to achieve even
if they end up being worthless.
- Talk
to other invention marketing firms and compare their services.
- If
your questions to the firm were not sufficiently answered,
then rethink signing any contract with that firm.
- Do
not sign an agreement until all terms are in writing and
an attorney has reviewed it.
What should an inventor do if the inventor
thinks he/she has become a victim of a fraudulent invention
marketing firm?
If the inventor believes that he/she has
become a victim of a fraudulent invention marketing firm,
he/she should:
- Attempt
to get money back from the firm.
- Report
it to the Better Business Bureau, Attorney General, and
local consumer protection agency (in the inventor’s state
and the state where the firm is located).
- File
a complaint with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
(PTO).
- File
a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
The most important point of this warning
is for THE INVENTOR to be involved with the protection and
marketing of the invention, and to do this, the inventor
needs to be aware and knowledgeable of every stage of the
process. The inventor
must remember to keep control of his invention, be realistic
with expectations of success, and scrutinize anyone who
claims they can help. The
power to protect the invention comes from the inventor him/herself.
Further Information
More information can be obtained from the
following sources:
- U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office
- Federal
Trade Commission
- U.S.
Small Business Administration (SBA)
- InventNET:
- United
Inventors Association:
- National
Congress of Inventor Organizations:
- InventorEd,
Inc. Promotor Caution List:
- PatentCafe:
- Crimes
of Persuasion:
Inventor Organizations
The following are some inventor organizations
which may be of interest:
- United
Inventors Association of the United States of America
(UIA-USA)
- National
Congress of Inventor Organizations (NCIO)
- Minnesota
Inventors Congress
Recognition of Resources
This information found here was compiled
from information found in the following sources:
Appendices
A. Vocabulary List
Throughout the text of this booklet are
certain words that you should know.
The first time the word is listed in the text, it
is printed in bold and italicized type. You should make a list of these terms and understand
their meaning and importance to inventing, product development,
and marketing the product.
These terms are listed below with references to the
page where they were first mentioned.
| Term |
Page |
Term |
Page |
|
assignment |
7 |
patent
agent
|
9 |
|
business
plan
|
25 |
patent
attorney
|
9 |
|
claim
|
4 |
plant
patent
|
4 |
|
confidential
disclosure agreement
|
11 |
prior
art
|
4 |
|
continuation-in-part
|
17 |
prototype
|
15 |
|
continuing
application
|
17 |
royalty
|
21 |
|
copyright
|
38 |
service
mark
|
35 |
|
design
patent
|
4 |
specification
|
4 |
|
foreign
filing license
|
17 |
trade
name
|
35 |
|
intellectual
property
|
3 |
trade
secret
|
19 |
|
license
|
21 |
trademark |
35 |
|
notice
of allowance |
17 |
utility
patent
|
4 |
|
patent
search
|
8 |
venture
capital |
28 |
B. Most Often-Asked Questions
Patents
Can
I use the term “patent pending” or “patent applied for”
if I am planning to get a patent?
No. The
only time you may use these terms is if your application
is already under consideration by the Patent and Trademark
Office. Even then,
the terms “Patent Pending” and “Patent Applied For” afford
no legal protection.
Is
a patent search required before applying for a patent?
No. But
performing a patent before filing a patent application is
highly recommended. If the search reveals a similar device patented
in an earlier patent, you may avoid the costs of filing
for a patent that will fail to be granted.
Performing a patent search will also help you to
avoid patent infringement.
Is
a patent required on an invention prior to the inventor
selling it?
No. However,
you will only have the right to prevent others from making,
using, or selling the invention if a patent is obtained
on it. Also keep
in mind that if you still want a patent after you begin
selling the invention, you must file your patent application
within one year of commercialization.
Is
a prototype required for filing a patent application?
Not usually.
However, having a working model helps because it
gives you a stronger claim to the idea if you have it reduced
to practice before someone else.
Can
protection be preserved on an invention before a patent
is applied for?
Although your invention cannot have patent
protection until a U.S. patent is issued on the invention,
you can still take measures to preserve some protection
on it before filing an application. This can be done by establishing evidence of
your invention’s progress (e.g., inventor’s notebook) and
keeping the invention a secret.
May
a patent be transferred?
A patent is regarded as personal property
and the owner may sell all or part of his interest in a
patent to anyone by a properly worded assignment.
This will transfer ownership of the patent to the
assignee who will then have the right to exclude others
from making, using, or selling the invention. If someone other than the patent owner wants to make, use, or sell
the invention, a license is used.
Can
I apply for a patent without going through an attorney?
Yes. However,
since the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office rules concerning
patent applications are complex and change often, it is
recommended that a patent attorney or agent be used in order
to have the best protection on your invention.
Is
it possible to obtain a patent for an improvement made on
a device or process that’s already been patented?
Yes. You
may obtain patent protection for an improvement to a device. However, if you build the improvement and market it in conjunction
with the original device, you would infringe the original
patent.
Copyrights
Why
would I want to register a copyright if copyright protection
is automatic upon the work’s creation?
Registering a copyright on your work would
offer you procedural advantages if you ever needed to prevent
the unauthorized copying of your work.
When
does an employer own the copyright?
If a work is created within the scope of
an employee’s duties, copyright law deems the author of
the work to be the employer. Therefore, the employer would then own the
copyright.
May
a copyright be transferred?
As with patents and trademarks, a copyright
is regarded as personal property and can be transferred
to another party through use of an assignment.
Copyrights may also be willed to heirs, sold, or
licensed under a contract.
Trademarks
May
a trademark be transferred?
Trademarks are regarded as personal property
and can be transferred through use of a properly worded
assignment.
If
I’m using a trademark that’s similar to someone else’s trademark,
is that infringement?
If your mark is similar enough to someone
else’s trademark to cause confusion between your product
and another company’s product, you can be sued for trademark
infringement.
C. Helpful Contacts
Patent,
Trademarks, & Copyrights Information
| U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office
U.S.
Dept of Commerce
Washington,
DC 20231
703/557-4636
1-800-786-9199
Depository
Library 703/308-9000
www.uspto.gov |
U.S.
Copyright Public Information Office
Library
of Congress
Madison
Building, Room 401
101
Independence Ave., S.E.
Washington,
DC 20559
General
Information: 202/707-3000
Copyright
forms hotline: 202/707-9100
Lcweb.loc.gov/copyright |
|
N.C.
Science & Tech. Research Center
(Trademark
info only)
919/549-0771
|
DH
Hill Library
U.S.
Documents Department
NCSU
919/515-3280
www.lib.ncsu.edu/libraries/risd/govdocs |
|
Trademark
Assistance Center
703/308--9000 |
N.C.
Dept of the Secretary of State (Trademark info only)
919/733-4129
www.state.nc.us/secstate |
Patent
and Trademarks Enforcement Assistance
| U.S.
International Trade Commission
Washington,
DC 20436
202/482-2000
www.usitc.gov |
U.S.
Customs Service
Dept.
of the Treasury
511
NW Broadway
Portland,
OR 97209
503/326-2871
|
Electrical
and Safety Consumer Testing Agencies
| Underwriters
Laboratories
Melville,
NY
516/271-6200
Purpose:
To obtain UL listing for electrical products
|
Canadian
Standards Association
178
Rexdale Blvd.
Rexdale
(Toronto) Ontario, Canada M9W 1R3
416/747-4000
Purpose: If marketing in Canada is desired
|
|
Association
of German Electrical Engineers (VDE)
UL,
Inc.
12
Laboratory Drive, P.O. Box 13995
RTP,
NC 27709
919/549-1545
|
Association
of Independent Scientific, Engineering, and Testing
Firms (ACIL)
1629
K Street, NW, Suite 400
Washington,
DC 20006
202/887-5872
Purpose: Operational and safety testing
|
Legal
Referrals & Assistance
| North
Carolina Bar Association
919/677-0561
|
N.C.
Lawyers Referral Service
800/662-7407 |
|
North
Carolina State Bar
919/828-4620 |
|
D. Free or Inexpensive Journals
and Publications
Journals
Intellectual
Property
(for
a list of on-line Intellectual Property resources, see Appendix
“Internet sources of patent, trademark, or copyright information”)
Inventors’
Digest
Bi-monthly
publication with on-line version: www.inventorsdigest.com
Entrepreneurship
& Small Business
Edge
On-line
Small
business articles: www.edgeonline.com/
Note:
The “Business Toolbox” section has interactive modules to
aid market planning, financial management , personnel development,
and other business activities.
Entrepreneur
weekly
magazine with website: www.entrepreneurmag.com/
note:
has a “Bright Ideas” column on inventing
Internet Business Newsletter
weekly
e-zine: adfree.com/IBNLINFO.htm
note:
free business links for advertising and education
The
Small Business Journal
www.tsbj.com/
Success Magazine
Monthly
magazine with website: www.successmagazine.com/index.html
note:
focuses personal and organizational effectiveness
Trade Secrets
e-zine:
www.gracefield.com/gg/news-nl.htm
note:
tips to start and grow your business successfully
Business
& Economics News
Financial
Times
www.usa.ft.com
Inc
www.inc.com
Investors
Business Daily
www.investors.com
Charlotte
Business Journal
Newspaper
with website: www.amcity.com/charlotte/
Triangle
Business Journal
Weekly
newspaper with website: http://www.amcity.com/triangle/
note:
important source for regional business news, particularly
in the Raleigh-Durham area
Wall
Street Journal
Newspaper
with website: wsj.com
Marketing
Advertising
Age
Weekly
magazine with website: www.adage.com/
Adweek
Weekly
magazine with website: www.adweek.com/
American
Demographics
Marketing
research website: www.marketingtools.com
Note:
allows for full text searches of American Demographics articles;
contains a directory of marketing services and a catalog
of data sources, marketing books, and research materials
To search for articles
The
UMI ProQuest Direct
periodicals database is available at all libraries participating
in NC Live. Through this resource you can search for articles
from the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and other
publications. Most
often the full text of an article you find in the database
is available and can viewed on the screen or printed up.
Ask for librarian assistance.
Many
public libraries and most university libraries have InfoTrac. Through this database,
you can search for articles categorized by Standard Industry
Classification codes or by an expanded academic index. The full text of some articles is within the
database. Ask for
librarian assistance.
Publications
Small Business and Technology
Development Center (SBTDC)
See
listing of offices at URL: http://www.sbtdc.org/
Capital Opportunities for Small Businesses $12.00
Business Start-up Kit and Resource Guide free
US
Department of Commerce’s Patent and Trademark Office
The
following are available free on-line or in booklet form. See www1.uspto.gov or call 703/308-4257 for
information about ordering.
Basic Facts About Patents
Basic Facts About Trademarks
The Disclosure Document Program
The
Small Business Administration (SBA), Charlotte
Call
704/344-6563 for information or see their website: www.sba.gov/regions/states/nc
Ideas Into Dollars
Avoiding Patent, Trademark,
and Copyright Problems
Trademarks and Business Goodwill
Licensing
Executive Society
Call
703/836-3106 for information or see their website: www.usa-canada.les.org/index.html
The Basics of Licensing
U.
S. Copyright Office
Call
202/707-9100 or see their website: lcweb.loc.gov/copyright
Copyright Basics
Publications on Copyrights
American
Bar Association
These
publications are not free but not expensive.
Call the Publications Department at 312/988-5000
or see their website: www.abanet.org
Marketing Your Invention
What Is a Patent?
What Is a Copyright?
Submitting an Idea to a Manufacturer
Software Licensing Contracts
E. Other Recommended Readings
These
publications, as well as others, are available at your local
library and/or bookstores:
Business plan
assistance
Covello,
Joseph. Your
First Business Plan. 2nd
ed. Sourcebooks, Inc., 1995.
Kahrs,
Kristin and Koek, Karin, eds.
Business plans handbook:
a compilation of actual business plans developed
by small businesses throughout North America. Gale Research, Inc., 1995.
Siegel,
Eric S. The Ernst
& Young business plan guide. 2nd
ed.. Wiley, 1993.
Bangs,
David H. Business
Planning Guide. Upstart Publishing Co., 1989.
Mancuson,
Joseph R. How
to Write a Winning Business Plan. Prentice Hall Press,
1985.
Invention
Promotion
Levy,
Richard C. The
Inventor’s Desktop Companion. Visible Ink Press, 1995.
Smith,
Martin C. How
to Avoid Patent, Marketing, & Invention Company Scams
Wow! What
a Great Idea. Now What? 1995.
Fussel,
David. The Secret
to Making your Invention a Reality.
Invention-Press, 1994.
Gold,
Robert J. Eureka! the entrepreneurial inventor’s guide to developing,
protecting, and profiting from your ideas. Prentice Hall, 1994.
Franklin,
Reece A. How
to sell and promote your idea, project, or invention:
an excellent marketing guide for both novice and
seasoned inventors. Prima Pub., 1993.
Mosely,
Thomsas, Jr. Marketing Your Invention. Upstart Publishing
Co., 1992
Sperry,
Robert M. You’ve
Got an Idea-- Now What?
Woodland Hills B&B Enterprises, 1992.
Griffin,
Gordon D. How
to Be a Successful Inventor; Turn Your Ideas into Profit.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991.
Winfield,
Armand G. The
Inventor’s Handbook. Prentice Hall, 1990.
Grissom,
Fred and Pressman, David. The Inventor’s Notebook.
Nolo Press, 1989.
Lynn,
Gary S. From
Concept to market. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989.
Park,
Robert. The Inventor’s
Handbook; How to Develop, Protect, & Market Your Invention.
Betterway Publications.
Patents
Carr,
Fred K. Patents
handbook: a guide for inventors and researchers to searching
patent documents and preparing and making an application. McFarland, 1995.
Redman,
Tina. The Inventor’s
Handbook on Patent Applications.
Vantage Press, 1993.
Peterson,
Stuart R. Patents,
getting one--: a cost-cutting primer for inventors. Academy Books, 1990.
Pressman,
David. Patent
It Yourself. Nolo Press, 1989. (be
careful using this if you want a good patent.)
Venture Capital
Venture
Economics Staff. Pratt’s
Guide to Venture Capital Sources.
20th ed. Phoenix
Oryx Press, 1996.
F. Internet Sources of Patent,
Trademark, or Copyright Information
Many
of the following sites have been mentioned in the text of
this document. We have listed them here for your convenience.
| Site |
Pertinent content |
Address |
|
U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office (US PTO) |
Patent-search
resources; explanation of patent and trademark application
process; application forms; PTO bulletin |
http://www.uspto.gov/ |
|
U.S.
PTO’s Independent Inventor Resources Site |
The
Independent Inventor site is dedicated to serving
the special needs and interests of the independent
inventor and entrepreneur |
http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/iip/index.htm |
|
US
Copyright Office, Library of Congress |
Copyright
application process; application forms |
http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ |
|
Patent
Portal Richard S. Gruener, Villanova |
Patent-search
resources |
http://www.law.vill.edu/~rgruner/patport.htm/ |
|
University
of Washington Engineering Library |
Patent-search
resources |
http://www.lib.washington.edu/engineering/ |
|
Intellectual
Property Network |
Patent-search
database (patent descriptions and images) |
http://www.patents.ibm.com/ |
|
SPO |
Free
access to patents listed since 1972; offers for commercial services |
http://www.spo.eds.com/patents.html/ |
|
Andy
Gibbs’ Inventor’s Resource |
Patent,
trademark, and industry search resources,; general
IP and inventor information |
http://www.gibbsgroup.com/ |
|
SBDC
Research Network |
Links
to other patent information sites |
http://www.smallbiz.sunycentral.edu/entre.htm/ |
|
Micropatent |
Patent
and trademark information |
http://www.crcpress.com/
|
|
Franklin
Pierce Law Center |
Patent
information |
http://www.fplc.edu/IPMALL/ |
|
Kuester |
Patent
information |
http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ |
|
Aimnet |
Patent
information |
http://www.aimnet.com/~carroll/copyright/faq-home.html/ |
|
Templeton |
Patent
information |
http://www.templetons.com/brad//copymyths.html/ |
|
European
Patent Office |
European-focused
patent information; links to other internet resources
for patent information |
http://www.european-patent-office.org/online/index.htm/ |
|
Community
of Science |
US
patent database updated weekly; information on research
and development |
http://patents.cos.com/ |
|
NC
SBTDC |
Information
about services; links to state and federal sites |
http://www.sbtdc.org/ |
G. North Carolina
Patent Attorneys & Agents Registered to Practice before
the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
NC Patent Attorneys and
Agents who are registered to practice before the PTO
For up-to-date regional listings see also: http://www.uspto.gov/go/attorney/region/,
or you can obtain a list of patent attorneys and agents,
listed alphabetically by geographic region, from the U.S.
Government Printing Office: Superintendent of Documents;
P. O. Box 371954; Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954.
For information or to order by phone call 202/512-1800.
SPEAKS, ELISE P.
102 BARNES SPRING CT.
ZIMMERMAN, SCOTT P.
210 SNOW CAMP DR.
CARTER, DAVID M.
P.O. BOX 2985
